NB: German objective simply means “fill in the gap”
· From: CLASS NOTES
1. Music is “an organised sound that is pleasant to the ear”.
2. Music originated from “the imitation of the environment by man”.
3. Gregorian chants are written in some special notation known as “neumatic notation”.
4. Highlight Five (5) Ecclesiastical Modes
i. Ionian mode - doh to doh
ii. Dorian mode - reh to reh
iii. Phrygian mode - mi to mi
iv. Lydian mode - fah to fah
v. Mixolydian mode - soh to soh
vi. Aeolian mode - lah to lah
5. Name Five Music Theorists And Philosophers
i. Pythagoras
ii. Guide de Arezzo
iii. Marchetto de padua
iv. Franco de Cologne
v. Leoninus
vi. Perotinus
6. Pythagoras was concerned with two things in music; they are “ratio” and “proportion”.
7. The use of the heartbeat to determine the regular pattern of musical sound was called “Tactus”.
8. The trinity phenomenon of the Godhead was the foundation of the “43 timing- three beats in a bar” it was called “Tempus perfectum- perfect timing”.
9. Who modified some texts of the Gregorian chant and used them to form ascending and descending order of notes? “Guido de Arezzo”.
10. Highlight 5 (Five) Characteristics Of The Gregorian Chant
i. It was scared music- holy and Godly music.
ii. It was an accapella vocal music.
iii. It had eight ecclesiastical modes.
iv. It was a plainsong.
v. It did not have a regular timing or beat pattern.
vi. It contained biblical texts.
vii. It is partly syllabic as well as partly mellismatic.
11. Highlight the seven periods of music history and their dates. (Western music)
i. Music in antiquity: 200 – 450 A.D.
ii. Medieval period: 450 – 1450 A.D.
iii. Renaissance period: 1450 – 1600 A.D.
iv. Baroque period: 1600 - 1750 A.D.
v. Classical period: 1750 - 1820 A.D.
vi. Romantic period: 1820 – 1900 A.D.
vii. 20th Century period: 1900 - till date.
12. Western Music In Each Of Its Successive Periods Can Be Surveyed Based On Four Things;
i. Sociological trait (happenings in the society).
ii. Characteristic element of its music.
iii. Names of the composers.
iv. Brief biography of the composers.
13. Highlight The Five (5) Universal Classification Of Musical Instruments.
i. Idiophone (e.g.) Agogo, Ekwe, Oghene, Xylophone.
ii. Membranophone (e.g.) Dundun, gangan, bata, Igba.
iii. Aerophone (e.g.) Kakaki, Kwela, Oja, recorder.
iv. Chordophone (e.g.) guitar, piano, agidigbo, goge.
v. Electrophone (e.g.) Electric keyboard, synthesizer.
14. Stringed instruments of which two or more notes are played at a time is called “Harmonic stringed instruments” (e.g.) guitar; while those of which one note alone is played at a time is called “melodic stringed instruments” (e.g.) violin.
15. Highlight Five (5) Major Characteristics Of Music.
i. Melody – succession of notes with varying interval.
ii. Rhythm – Beat pattern of a musical work.
iii. Harmony – combination of notes sounded together.
iv. Instrumentation – Orchestration of music sound.
v. Form – Compositional structure divided into separate parts.
vi. Texture – Tone colour from the combination of various sounds.
vii. Style – The characteristic feature of a musical work.
16. Name the three types of harmony.
i. Tonal harmony
ii. Modal harmony (counterpoint)
iii. Chromatic harmony
17. Name The Four (4) Classes Of Orchestra Instruments With Examples.
i. Wood wind (e.g.) Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, Cor Anglais, Bassoon, Clarinet, Double Bassoon, Recorder.
ii. Brass wind (e.g.) Trumpet, Trombone, French horn, Saxophone, Flugel horn, Euphonium, Cornet.
iii. String (e.g.) Violin, Cello (Violoncello), Viola, Double-Bass.
iv. Percussion (e.g.) Timpani (Kettle drum), Triangles, Glockenspiel, gong, Cymbals, Guiro.
18. Given Five (5) Reasons For Music
i. For entertainment
ii. For festivals
iii. For healing therapy
iv. For celebrations e.g. birthday
v. For sports
vi. For war
vii. For funeral rites
From The Book “A BASIC GUIDE TO MUSIC APPRECIATION”
by “LUCY EKWEME”
1. Highlight four (4) “Sociological traits” of western music in the “medieval era/period”.
i. It was known as an age of faith (religion), so there was a rising of Monasteries, Romanesque churches and Gothic Cathedrals.
ii. There were emergence of towns and establishment of universities mostly run by the church.
iii. The church despised the use of musical instruments, as it had a material body, as well as it was used by the pagan Roman and Greeks for ritual demonstration.
iv. There was a sharp division among the three main social classes existing at that time; the nobility, the clergy and the peasants”.
2. Enumerate five (5) “characteristic elements” of music in the “medieval era/period”.
i. The major sacred musical form was the Gregorian chant/plainsong.
ii. Secular music was mainly, traditional folk music and the Danse royale.
iii. Musical instruments like the lute and harp were used for secular music.
iv. Secular music like the Danse royale was composed by the French nobles known as the troubadours and trouveres.
v. Aside the sacred Gregorian chant which was written in neumatic notation, the secular songs were written in decipherable notations.
3. Name Five (2) composers of the medieval era of western music.
i. Guilaume Machaut
ii. Pope, Gregory 1
4. Enumerate a brief biography of any one major “medieval” composer.
· Guilaume Machaut
i. Machaut was born in 1300 AD and died 1377 A.D.
ii. He was famous as both a musician and a poet.
iii. He is a part of the musical movement known as the “Art Nova”.
iv. He wrote the “Messe de Nostre Dame” – the earliest known complete setting of the “ordinary” of the mass.
v. He became the “Canon of Verdun” in 1330.
5. Highlight four (4) “sociological traits” of western music in the “Renaissance era/period”.
i. The pre-dominant intellectual movement was “humanism” a philosophy that shifted from medieval theology to man’s interests on earth.
ii. There was great revolution in religion, marked by the protestant reformation, with Martin Luther in the forefront.
iii. Some great adventurers, artists, literary giants and scientists emerged during this period.
iv. As a period of creativity, there was a need for books. This birthed the industrial revolution from which printing machines emerged.
v. Politics in the 16th century was dominated by Charles V and Philip II of the Roman Empire.
6. Enumerate five (5) characteristic elements of music in the “renaissance era/period.
i. Sacred music had two main forms, the “mass” and the “motet”.
ii. Secular music (apart from the local dance and instrumental forms) was the “Madrigal”.
iii. Sacred music was vocal accapella, polyphonic style based on church ecclesiastical modes.
iv. Secular music (Madrigal) was a short poem usually about love and it was instrumentally accompanied.
v. The “protestant chorale” – Composed by Martin Luther was a hymn tune of the German Protestant church.
7. Name five (5) composers of music in the “Renaissance era” of western music.
i. Giovanni Palestrina
ii. William Byrd
iii. Josquin du prez
iv. Thomas Morley
v. Orlando Gibbons
8. Enumerate a brief biography of any one major “Renaissance” Composer.
· Giovanni Palestrina
i. Palestrina was born in the year 1525.
ii. At the age of twelve (12) he was listed as a chorister at the basilica of “Sta Maria Maggiore”.
iii. Influenced by “Josquin du prez”, Palestrina was highly skilled in polyphony.
iv. His first published composition was a book of masses which made Pope Julius III to appoint him musical director of the Julian chapel.
v. For seven years, he was organist of “St Agapito” the principal church of his city.
9. Highlight four (4) “Sociological traits” of western music in the “baroque era/period”.
· Basically the painting (art), architecture and music of this period was generally characterized by the following;
i. Spirit of flamboyance.
ii. Theatricalism and elegance.
iii. Elaborate ornamentation.
iv. Grandiose concepts.
v. Magnificence of effect.
10. Enumerate five (5) “Characteristic elements” of music in the “baroque era/period”.
i. Sacred, Secular, Vocal and Instrumental Music all flourished.
ii. Tonality of music was cleared, so that the major and minor modes replaced the church ecclesiastical, modes.
iii. Vertical harmony replaced the horizontal approach of the past.
iv. There was the use of chromaticism, altered notes and embellishments.
v. New forms like the opera, sonata, and Dance suites and so on developed.
11. Highlight six (6) major forms of music that emerged in the “Baroque “era”.
i. The suite (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue)
ii. Concerto
iii. Scherzo (minuet and trio)
iv. Sonata
v. Canon
vi. Oratorio
vii. Passacaglia
viii. Cantata
ix. Overture
x. Fugue
xi. Opera
xii. Minuet
12. Name five (5) musical composers of the Baroque era/period of western music
i. George Frederick Handel
ii. John Sebastian Bach
iii. Anthonio Vivaldi
iv. Henry Purcell
v. Telemann G.P.
vi. Domenico Scarlatti
13. Enumerate a brief biography of any one major “Baroque” Composer.
· George Frederick Handel
i. He was a German–British Baroque Composer born in 1685 and died in 1759 A.D.
ii. He was famous for his operas, oratorios and concertos
iii. Handel’s father forbade him to touch any musical instrument as he wanted him to study civil law. But, Handel sneaked in a little clavichord to a room at the house top where he played music every night.
iv. At an early age, Handel became a skilful performer on the harpsichord and pipe-organ.
v. His most famous work is the “messiah”.
14. Highlight four (4) “Sociological traits” of western music in the “classical era/period”.
i. There was dramatic shift in power from the Aristocratic and church to the middle class.
ii. There was the rise of prosperous merchants, doctors, lawyers, Civil servants and so on.
iii. There were organised public concerts for the masses and also music at home.
iv. The piano instrument was introduced.
15. List five (5) characteristic elements of music in the “classical period”.
i. Melody
ii. Texture
iii. Rhythm
iv. Mood
v. Form
vi. Dynamics
vii. Harmony
viii. Orchestration
16. Highlight six (6) new major forms of music that emerged in the “classical era/period”.
i. Classical symphony
ii. Serenade (Divertimenti)
iii. Sonata Allegro form
iv. Rondo
v. Quartet
vi. Fantasia
vii. Theme and variation
viii. Rhapsody
ix. Piano sonata
17. Name five (5) musical composers of the classical era/period of western music.
i. Ludwig Van Beethoven
ii. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
iii. Joseph Hadyn
iv. Franz Schubert
v. Gioacchino Rossini
18. The music composer who is regarded as the bridge between the classical and romantic periods of western music is;
· “Ludwig Van Beethoven” (1770-1827)
19. Enumerate a brief biography of any one major “Classical” composer.
· Ludwig Van Beethoven
i. Beethoven a German composer and pianist was born in 1770 A.D.
ii. He is regarded as the bridge between the classical and romantic periods of western music.
iii. At the age of seven, he had his first public performance in March 1778.
iv. His hearing began deteriorating in the late 1970”s of which he became completely deaf toward the end of his life and carrier.
20. Highlight four (4) “sociological traits” of western music in the “romantic era/period”.
i. The industrial revolution created the problems of capitalism and materialism.
ii. There was quicker movement of people from place to place making it possible and easy for the artiste to live, travel and perform.
iii. Artistes became individualistic, hence the emergence of expressionism and impressionism.
iv. Music was now patronized by the middle class public, publishers, recording companies and no longer the aristocrats.
21. Enumerate five (5) characteristic elements of music in the “romantic era/period”.
i. Individualism
ii. Melody
iii. Emotional expression
iv. Harmony
v. Sentimentalism
vi. Tonality
vii. Nationalism
viii. Form
ix. Virtuosity
x. Timbre
xi. Programmed music
22. Highlight six (6) new major forms of music that emerged in the “romantic era/period”.
i. Waltz
ii. Novelleté
iii. Nocturne
iv. Mazurka
v. Ballade
vi. Programme symphony
vii. Impromptu
viii. Polonaise
ix. Etude
x. Fantasy
23. Name five (5) musical composers of the romantic era of western music.
i. Robert Schumann
ii. Ferencz Liszt
iii. Frederick Chopin
iv. Richard Wagner
v. Johannes Wagner
24. Enumerate a brief biography of any one major “romantic” composer.
· Frederick Chopin
i. Chopin a polish composer, virtuoso pianist and music teacher was born 1810 A.D.
ii. All of Chopin’s works involve the piano and he made major innovations to some various romantic styles.
iii. He invented the musical form known as the “instrumental ballade”.
iv. Most of his life, he suffered from poor health; so he died early at the age of 39.
25. Highlight five (5) characteristic elements of music in the “20th century period”.
i. Serialism
ii. Expressionism
iii. Pan-diatonism
iv. Chromatic harmony
v. Nationalism
vi. Dode cacophony
vii. Atonality
viii. Chromatic melody
POSSIBLE THEORY QUESTION
Briefly (not more than a page) describe how music started (i.e.) its origin. BASIC INFORMATION
The origin of music is philosophical as there are many views to it. However, there is a general view and that is “music began with man and his imitation of his environment”. The environment which entails nature, the beasts and creatures, all existed before man. These animals made sounds in various ways. Accordingly, man tried to relate with his environment and in the process he imitated these creatures.
Originally, man used to relate with the Supreme Being (gods) and man discovered that when he made those imitating sounds, it attracted the Supreme Being closer and they related together.
This imitation was done mainly through the vocal use of the mouth and this gradually led to the construction of “bone instruments” by these ancient men (whom were basically hunters). These bone instruments were made in the form of a flute. The oldest flute instrument was dated back to 500 B.C.
NOTE: All biographies in this work are culled from WIKIPEDIA.
GOOD LUCK!!!
